What major social issue marked Oklahoma's history from the late 19th century through the mid-20th century?

The late 19th century through the mid-20th century in Oklahoma was significantly marked by racial segregation and discrimination, a reflection of broader social dynamics present throughout the United States during this time. Following the Civil War and the establishment of Jim Crow laws, African Americans in Oklahoma faced systemic racism and exclusion in various aspects of life, including education, housing, employment, and public facilities. The impact of these discriminatory practices was profound, leading to the establishment of separate communities and institutions for Black citizens.

This era also saw violent racial tensions, notably the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre, where the prosperous Black community of Greenwood was attacked and destroyed. Such events epitomize the struggle against racial injustices and the fight for civil rights that would continue for decades. The legacy of racial segregation has had long-lasting effects on the social fabric of Oklahoma and continues to influence discussions about race and equality in the state today.

While economic development, immigration regulation, and industrialization were indeed important issues during this period, they do not encapsulate the same level of social strife and systemic challenges that characterized the experience of racial minorities in Oklahoma.