Which treaty established a government-to-government relationship between the U.S. and the tribes in Oklahoma?

The Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867 is significant because it established a formal government-to-government relationship between the United States and several Native American tribes, particularly those in the Southern Plains, including tribes that would later be located in Oklahoma. This treaty aimed to resolve ongoing conflicts and set aside designated lands for tribes, thus recognizing their sovereignty and rights to govern themselves within certain parameters established by the U.S. government.

The context surrounding this treaty is essential to understanding its importance. It was part of a broader effort by the U.S. to assimilate Native peoples and regulate their interactions with settlers, but it also represented a moment where tribal sovereignty was acknowledged, at least on paper. This acknowledgment would have implications for how tribes managed their affairs going forward and set the stage for future treaties and interactions with the federal government regarding land and self-governance.

Other treaties and acts mentioned, such as the Treaty of Fort Laramie, the Indian Removal Act, and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, played different roles in U.S. history and relations with Native tribes or Mexican territories, but they did not specifically establish the government-to-government framework that the Medicine Lodge Treaty did.